Lexicon

Web address :

Addresses used to identify and locate Internet resources such as web pages, images, videos and files.

Recommendation algorithm :

Recommendation algorithms are used by digital platforms to suggest content based on user behavior. They can create filter bubbles by exposing users only to information in accordance with their beliefs. These algorithms can intensify the spread of disinformation.

Amplification:

Amplification designates the process by which information, often false, is massively disseminated by various channels, such as social networks. This phenomenon increases the visibility of disinformation. Amplification can be facilitated by the intensive use of social networks.

Automatic learning :

"Machine learning" in English, AI capacity to learn from databases it has access. It is based on mathematical models.

Astroturfing:

Astroturfing is a handling technique that creates the appearance of spontaneous popular support for a cause. He uses false accounts or people paid to disseminate messages. This practice is common to influence public opinion and promote hidden agendas.

Informational attack :

Action dedicated and limited in time aimed at intentionally affecting a natural person, a legal person, a mark ... or his interests.

Authority argument :

Argument considered to be irrefutable because it comes from the words of an authority to which value is given. Here, the orgina of information has more weight than its content.

Cognitive bias:

Diagram of thought deviating from all rational logic. Cognitive biases, often from beliefs, tend to deceive our brain in its processing of information.

Complacency:

Trendy, in some people, to assign their successes to their own talents and failures to factors independent of their will.

Confirmation bias:

Instinctive tendency of the human mind to seek in priority the information which confirms its way of thinking, and to rule out those which would question it.

Anchoring bias:

Anchoring is a cognitive trend to give disproportionate importance to the first information received. This can distort subsequent judgments. This bias can be used by disinformators to anchor erroneous ideas.

Availability bias:

The availability bias occurs when people evaluate the probability of an event according to the ease with which examples come to mind. Strong or emotional news is often overestimated. This bias can be used to disseminate sensational information.

Negativity bias:

Negativity bias is the human tendency to give more weight to negative than positive experiences. Disinformators can use this bias to broadcast alarmist or frightening news. This may increase membership in false information.

Reception bias:

Reception bias refers to the tendency to more easily remember the most recent information. This can influence judgments and decisions. Disinformators can take advantage of this bias by disseminating false information repeatedly and continuously.

Bot:

IT programmed program to perform certain tasks that can limit human behavior on social networks or on other online platforms. They are often used to disseminate disinformation or to manipulate public opinion.

Grazer:

Term that appeared in the 2000s in Africa. Background operating on the Internet, especially on social networks.

Filter bubble / Information bubble:

A filter bubble is formed when recommendation algorithms enclose users in limited circles of information. This limits their exposure to divergent points of view. This can accentuate divisions and polarization.

Buzz:

Rumor created from scratch whose aim is to be shared, commented and liked in mass.

CATFISHING:

Technique used to deceive people by creating false identities online in order to bring them to disclose personal information or make them believe false stories.

Prank :

joke, false news. Unlike a hoax or a false news, a hoax is presented as such after its diffusion.

Echo room:

An echo room is an environment where a person's beliefs are amplified by repetition in a closed system. This strengthens convictions without confrontation to different perspectives. Social networks and online forums can be used as echo rooms for disinformation.

Clickbait:

Hanging and sensationalist titles or descriptions used to attract attention and encourage people to click on links or online items. The real content may often not be as interesting or reliable as the initial title or description, which can lead to the dissemination of false information or to the spread of rumors.

Strategic communication:

Strategic communication is the planned use of messages to achieve specific objectives. It can be used both to counter disinformation and to influence public opinion in a manipulative way.

Media confidence:

Media trust refers to the level of confidence that the public gives to the media to provide specific information. Disinformation can erode this confidence, making the facts and the transparency of the crucial media.

Content Farm:

A content farm produces mass articles to generate web traffic and advertising revenues, often to the detriment of the quality of the information. These FARMs can be used to distribute disinformation by taking advantage of popular subjects.

Cryptocurrency:

Value payment or transfer system, digital, and operating outside the traditional banking system.

Cyberfense:

Cyberdefense encompasses the measures taken to protect computer systems against cyber attacks. This includes the protection of networks against disinformation and malicious intrusions.

Cyberespionage:

Cyberespionage is the use of hacking techniques to secretly obtain sensitive information. Governments and companies can be targets, with potential impacts on national and economic security.

Cyberpropaganda:

Cyberpropaganda uses digital technologies to disseminate biased or false messages in order to manipulate public opinion. This method can be used to influence elections or foment social disorders.

Data Mining:

Data mining is the process of extraction of knowledge from large amounts of data. It can be used to identify disinformation trends and develop control strategies.

Debunking:

Debunking consists in refuting and correcting false or misleading information. This practice is essential to counter false news and correctly inform the public.

Deformation of the facts:

The distortion of the facts implies the intentional manipulation of the information to deceive. This practice can be used to influence public opinion or divert attention from real problems.

Deepfake:

Video handling technique or photos based on artificial intelligence to produce misleading and falsified content.

Deepfake for Text:

Video handling technique or photos based on artificial intelligence to produce misleading and falsified content.

Disinformation :

Voluntary and intentional dissemination of false content in order to deceive the reader. It is a malicious action.

War disinformation:

War disinformation includes the intentional spread of false information during conflict. It can be used to undermine the morale or deceive the enemy.

Economic disinformation:

Economic disinformation refers to the dissemination of false information concerning economic subjects. It can destabilize financial markets or manipulate public opinion on economic issues.

Ethnic disinformation:

Ethnic disinformation aims to encourage hatred or division between ethnic groups. This form of disinformation can worsen tensions and cause conflicts.

Political disinformation:

Political disinformation is the use of false information to influence political opinions or elections. This may include manipulation of public opinion by national or foreign actors.

Religious disinformation:

Religious disinformation uses false or biased information to manipulate religious beliefs. This can cause interreligious tensions or be used to justify acts of violence.

Health disinformation:

Health disinformation concerns the dissemination of false information on health subjects. This can lead to public health efforts and propagate ineffective or dangerous treatments.

Defamation:

allegation or imputation of a fact which undermines the honor of the targeted person. It is possible on most social networks to report defamatory remarks.

Digital natives:

generation that grew up when the digital tools emergence (Internet, Mobile Phone, Computer). These people, born between 1980 and 2000, naturally use new technologies.

Algorithmic discrimination:

Certain situations of discrimination can be brought through algorithmic biases, since the machine, depending on learning system, ingests and calculates from data that users transmit to it. They can therefore send him prejudices, which AI will count as a standard.

Hatred speech:

Haine's speech includes any communication that denigrates a person or group based on attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, gender or sexual orientation. It can be amplified by disinformation to encourage violence.

Doxing (dropping dox):

A malicious act which consists in disclosing on the Internet, social networks, personal information, such as: address, telephone number, workplace, an individual, without his authorization.

Copyright:

The copyright available to an author on his creations/ productions. Make it possible to identify the author in question. They define in particular the conditions of use of these.

Media ecosystem:

The media ecosystem designates the whole of the media and their interactions. This ecosystem can be influenced by disinformation, affecting the quality and diversity of available information.

Content editor:

A content publisher is responsible for the creation and management of content published on a platform. They play a crucial role in the verification of facts and the fight against disinformation.

Effect of false consensus:

Trendy of an individual coaching in the veracity of a fake news to overestimate the number of people who share this same idea.

Emoticon:

Continuation of alphanumeric characters used in an electronic message to form a stylized face expressing an emotion.

Critical spirit:

Provision of the mind which consists in never accepting for true an affirmation, a judgment or a fact without having examined it.

Journalistic ethics:

Journalistic ethics refers to the principles and standards that journalists must follow to ensure the accuracy and equity of information. Respect for these standards is essential to combat disinformation.

Fact-checking:

Action to verify the veracity of the affirmations of a speech. Many independent media and journalists have become specialists in Fact-Checking in order to combat the scourge of disinformation.

Fake News:

False news presented as verified information, by taking up the traditional codes of journalism. It presents itself as a classic article but aims to mislead the reader.

Fake Account:

A Fake Account is an online account created with false information to deceive other users. Such accounts can be used to distribute disinformation and manipulate public opinion.

Falsification:

Action to alter, immune, distort voluntarily in order to deceive.

Framing (framing):

The framing is the way in which information is presented to influence the perception of the public. The framing can be used to manipulate understanding of events and issues.

Gaslighting:

Gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation where a person of his perception of reality is doubted. This technique can be used to discredit opponents or witnesses.

Information War:

Information war designates the use of disinformation and other techniques to influence, disturb or manipulate perceptions and behaviors. This may include cyber attacks and orchestrated disinformation campaigns.

Hashtag:

keyword, preceded by the symbol " #", used by Internet users in their publications on social networks in order to react on a subject of interest or to find all the publications associated with this theme.

Hate:

Person who uses canvas and social networks to encourage hatred towards an individual or a group.

Hoax:

Lie mounted from scratch on the internet. Hoax is computer anglicism which means "bobard, cannular, intoxication", on the web.

GENERATIVE:

Artificial intelligence capable of creating credible content from full parts from data communicated by its users.

Incentive :

Incituration refers to the encouragement to commit acts, often illegal or harmful. It can be used to stir up tensions or cause violent actions.

Diverted image:

Authentic image, but unrelated to the words it is supposed to illustrate.

Falsified image:

Image retouched in order to provoke a reaction or to deceive the reader.

Electoral influence:

Electoral influence involves attempts to manipulate results or opinions around an election. This may include the dissemination of false information to influence voters.

Digital influence:

Digital influence concerns the use of digital technologies to influence opinions and behaviors. This influence can be exerted by online disinformation campaigns.

Strategic influence:

Strategic influence refers to the planned use of information to achieve long -term objectives. This may include disinformation campaigns to influence politics or economics.

Influencer:

An influencer is a person who uses his popularity on social networks to influence opinions and behaviors. Influencers can be disinformation vectors or allies in the fight against it.

Infobesity:

overload of information that we are faced every day. Infobesity comes from the contraction between the terms "information" and "obesity".

Infodémie:

An infodemia is an overabundance of information, often false, which spreads quickly and makes it difficult to distinguish between truth and lie. This complicates the response to health or social crises.

Truncated information:

Information altered by omissions or gaps aimed at hiding the truth or distorting it.

Biased information:

Biased information is presented to promote a particular point of view. This bias can be used to manipulate public opinion and disseminate disinformation.

Falsified information:

Falsified information is deliberately modified to deceive. This practice can be used for political or economic gains.

Non -verified information:

Unbelamed information was not subject to rigorous verification. The dissemination of such information can spread rumors and false news.

Interference:

Interference designates external interventions in the affairs of a country to influence political or social results. This may include disinformation campaigns orchestrated by foreign actors.

Social engineering:

Social engineering involves the psychological manipulation of individuals to obtain desired information or behavior. It can be used for cyber attacks or to disseminate disinformation.

Infowar:

Infowar is an information war where the parties in conflict use misleading information to gain an advantage. This may include disinformation campaigns to destabilize opponents.

Poison :

Voluntary act which consists in propagating false, tendentious, false information by making it pass for true. "Intox" is the diminutive of "poisoning".

Artificial intelligence:

(IA or AI in English for artificial intelligence) is a set of techniques that allow machines to simulate to get closer to human intelligence.

"Weak" intelligence:

Centered on the implementation of a single given task, it is a very efficient system in the automation of tasks.

General intelligence:

Or called "strong": this wants to be the AI ​​of tomorrow, since its goal would be to develop features inherent in purely human capacities such as consciousness and sensitivity. Ideally, it would be able to present an autonomous will. At present, there is not yet real intelligence of this type.

Citizen journalism:

Citizen journalism is the participation of citizens in the collection, reporting and analysis of information. It can be a precious source of local information, but also a potential vector for disinformation.

Investigative journalism:

Investigative journalism is a form of in -depth report which reveals hidden information. It is crucial to revealing corruption and disinformation.

Kongossa:

designates rumors, word of mouth and neighborhood gossip. It is a word of Cameroonian slang, from the Sawa language.

Urban legend:

False or exaggerated history which is quickly spread by word of mouth or social networks.
Also like a rumor.

Lobbying:

practice consisting in influencing political decision -makers or organizations in favor of particular interest.

Zombie machine:

Computer or mobile device infected with malware that is used without the user's knowledge to perform malicious tasks, such as spam or information theft.

Malinformation:

dissemination of authentic information, shared to prejudice the reputation of the individual or company.

Manipulation:

Manipulation consists in influencing in a deceptive way to obtain an advantage. Manipulation of information is common in disinformation campaigns.

Psychological manipulation:

Psychological manipulation is the use of tactics to control or influence a person's thoughts and behaviors. This technique can be used to spread disinformation.

Amplification mechanism:

The amplification mechanisms are means by which information, true or false, is propagated on a large scale. These mechanisms include social networks and messaging channels.

Diffusion mechanism:

Diffusion mechanisms are the methods used to distribute information to the public. They can include television, radio, social networks and online platforms.

Alternative media:

The alternative media offer different perspectives from those of the traditional media. They can be important sources of information, but also disinformation.

Community media:

Community media are managed by and for local communities. They are essential to give a voice to the often marginalized groups but can also be vectors of rumors.

Independent media:

Independent media is a media that does not depend on financing or political or commercial influences. These media play a crucial role in providing verified and impartial information.

Mass media:

Mass media reach large audiences by channels such as television, radio and newspapers. They can largely influence public opinion.

Media coverage:

Media coverage is the process by which events and information are presented to the public by the media. A biased media coverage can contribute to disinformation.

Collective memory:

Collective memory is the set of memories shared by a group or a company. It can be influenced by disinformation to rewrite or manipulate history.

Messinformation:

dissemination of intentionally erroneous information to deceive the reader.

Myth :

Fictive or symbolic history which explains the origins or beliefs of a culture or a society.

Narrative:

A narrative is a story or a structured discourse to present a certain perspective. The narratives can be used to promote or counter disinformation.

Alternative narrative:

An alternative narrative offers a different version of that generally accepted. These narratives can offer new perspectives or be used to sow confusion.

Narrative protest:

A protest narrative questions official or dominant versions. It can be used to denounce injustices or to spread disinformation.

Crisis narrative:

A crisis narrative focuses on the management and interpretation of events in times of crisis. It can be crucial to inform the public or to spread panic.

Dominant narrative:

A dominant narrative is the version of history widely accepted and promoted by the main authorities or the media. It can be challenged by alternative or disinformation narratives.

Psychological operations:

Psychological operations aim to influence the perceptions and behaviors of a target audience. They may include disinformation campaigns to manipulate public opinion.

Web page :

All information from a website that appears on the screen.

Parody:

Hijacking of a part or the whole of an artistic or literary work for satirical or comic purposes.

Phishing:

Phishing is a cyber attack technique aimed at obtaining sensitive information by pretending to be a confidence entity. It can be used to obtain personal data or propagate disinformation.

Click trap:

Web content whose objective is to attract the most people and generate the most "clicks". For example, it may be a voluntarily tuning article to attract readers.

Post-truth:

Notion describing the weight of emotion in the processing of current information, to the detriment of objective facts.

Prebunking:

Prebunking consists in preventing the disinformation of disinformation by educating the public on handling techniques before they arise. This method is essential to strengthen resilience against false information.

Prejudice:

preconceived opinion that can be had on a subject or individuals. This can be linked to its beliefs, its system of values ​​or its education.

Propaganda:

Set of psychological techniques exerted on pubic opinion aimed at its ideological indoctrination.

Viral propagation:

Viral propagation designates the speed with which information diffuses largely and quickly.

Social networks:

Website, application or platform offering the possibility of establishing links virtually with other Internet users with which it is possible to interraigate in real time.

Media resilience:

Media resilience is the ability of individuals and societies to resist and adapt to disinformation. Developing this resilience is crucial to maintain reliable information.

Rhetoric:

Rhetoric is the art of persuading or influencing discourse. It can be used to manipulate opinions or to counter disinformation.

Rumor:

New unofficial which spreads publicly, without being sure of its origin or veracity. By circulating, the rumor deforms and sometimes ends up having nothing to do with the initial information.

Satire:

Satire uses humor, irony or exaggeration to criticize or expose faults. It can be a powerful tool to denounce disinformation or, ironically, to spread it.

Sensationalism:

Sensationalism refers to the presentation of the news in an exaggerated and dramatic way to attract attention. This can amplify disinformation by exploiting public emotions.

Report:

The report is the act of reporting problematic or false content on online platforms. It is crucial to identify and eliminate disinformation.

Sly:

Practice to check and confirm information sources before using them to make decisions or formulate opinions, in order to avoid the dissemination of false information.

Reliable source:

A reliable source is a trustworthy and verified source of information. The identification of reliable sources is essential to counter disinformation.

Spam:

unlined electronic communication. Often for marketing purposes, the nature of spam can be of cybercriminal origin, in order to steal your personal data or to scam you.

Spin Doctor:

A Spin Doctor is a public relations expert who presents events in a favorable light to his customers. They can influence public opinion and sometimes be involved in disinformation campaigns.

Website:

Set of interconnected web pages that are accessible to the public via a web address.

Storytelling:

Communication technique which consists in telling a story in order to convince by emotion public opinion or to promote an idea or a product.

Superintelligence:

Still far from being developed, it aims to overcome each of the capacities of the human brain.

Conspiracy theory:

alternative theories defended by conspirators. They are convinced that certain political decisions are made by an elite, in secret, in order to harm and manipulate the population.

Titrology:

Consists in forming an opinion of the news by reading that press titles.

Trolling or Cyber-Trolling:

Online activity aimed at provoking negative emotional reactions in other users by publishing offensive comments, hateful messages or provocations. Cyber-trolling can be used to sow discord or to disrupt online debates by disseminating false information or by attacking people who defend different opinions.

Troll:

Internet user who voluntarily initiates controversies and disrupts the space of expression sometimes by overloading it. These actions take place on social networks, hoping to create reactions.

Uchrony:

speculative fiction that imagines an alternative story or a future different from what has really happened. Uchronies can be used as a form of real disinformation or if they are used to pass political or ideological ideas in digital.

Virality:

Quick dissemination phenomenon of content via the Internet and social networks.

Verification of facts:

Verification of facts is the validation process of the accuracy of the information before it disseminated. This practice is crucial to fighting the spread of disinformation.

Whatboutism:

Technique of manipulation of public opinion which consists in diverting attention from a question or a problem by asking a different question or emphasizing a different problem. This technique can be used to avoid answering difficult questions or to minimize the severity of a problem.

Watermarking:

Use a brand via a logo or a watermark, on an image, video or written online document. Protects copyright.

Watch Time:

Number of minutes/seconds of visualization of video content.

Yellow Journalism:

Or yellow journalism is a type of journalism based on sensationalism. This is often used to attract attention and stimulate newspaper sales. Is similar to the bait click.

Yoyo Effect:

Psychological effect that occurs when people are exposed to contradictory or changing information on a subject, which can lead them to change their opinion or feel confused and uncertain.